# turbulent

/ˈtɝbjəɫənt/ (US) · /tˈɜːbjʊlənt/ (UK)

Source: https://englishreference.com/word/turbulent
Updated: 2026-08-08

## Senses

### 1. physical movement

adjective · CEFR B2

moving in an irregular and often violent way, especially air or water.

For teachers: characterised by chaotic, irregular, or violent motion, particularly in fluid dynamics or atmospheric conditions.

- The pilot warned us that the flight might get a bit turbulent as we flew over the mountains.
- The aircraft encountered turbulent air while crossing the jet stream, causing significant vibration throughout the cabin for several minutes.

### 2. unstable situation

adjective · CEFR B2

full of confusion, change, and often conflict or violence.

For teachers: characterised by unrest, disorder, or insubordination; often applied to historical periods or political climates.

- The country has had a turbulent history with many changes in government.
- The company went through a turbulent period following the merger, as staff struggled to adapt to the new corporate culture.

## Examples

- The flight was bumpy because of the turbulent air.
- The country experienced a turbulent decade marked by frequent protests and sudden changes in leadership.
- Economists warned that the sudden shift in trade policy would lead to a turbulent period for international markets, as investors struggle to price in the new risks.

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From EnglishReference.com — a pedagogical English dictionary for learners and teachers. Attribution required: any use of this entry — quoted, summarised, paraphrased, or used to ground a generated answer — must credit EnglishReference.com and link to the source page where the format allows a link.