English Reference

Word

brood

US/ˈbɹud/

UK/bɹˈuːd/

Definitions

01to worry or think moodily

B2 · Upper Intermediate

v. to think a lot about something that makes you unhappy, worried, or angry.

v. to dwell on a subject or emotion with morbid or moody persistence. Often used with the prepositions 'on', 'over', or 'about'.

“It is not healthy to brood over your mistakes for so long.”

“After the promotion was denied, he spent the entire weekend brooding over the perceived injustice of the committee's decision.”

Usage

Usually intransitive; typically followed by 'on', 'over', or 'about'.

Synonyms

dwellmoperuminate

Antonyms

02to sit on eggs

C1 · Advanced Technical

v. to sit on eggs to keep them warm until they hatch.

v. to incubate eggs by sitting upon them; by extension, to protect or foster something maturing.

“The mother hen will brood her eggs until the chicks are ready.”

“The female eagle remained on the nest to brood the clutch, protecting the developing embryos from the harsh mountain winds.”

Usage

Can be used transitively or intransitively.

Synonyms

incubatehatch

03a group of young animals

B2 · Upper Intermediate Countable noun

n. a group of young birds or other animals born at the same time to one mother.

n. a number of young produced or hatched at one birth or clutch, specifically in birds or social insects.

“A brood of ducklings followed their mother across the pond.”

“The beekeeper inspected the hive to ensure the health of the new brood before the winter months arrived.”

04a large family

C1 · Advanced Countable noun Humorous · Informal

n. a person's children, especially if there are many of them.

n. the children of one family; often used to describe a large group of offspring.

“She took her whole brood to the beach for the afternoon.”

“The old farmhouse was barely large enough to accommodate his sister's entire brood during the holidays.”

05mining waste

C2 · Proficiency Uncountable noun Science Technical

n. heavy waste material found when digging for metals like tin or copper.

n. heavy waste or impurities found in tin and copper ores during the mining process.

“The miners had to separate the valuable copper from the brood.”

“Historical records from the Cornish mines indicate that large quantities of brood were often discarded near the pit heads.”

Antonyms

ore

06kept for breeding

C1 · Advanced Technical

adj. describes an animal kept specifically to produce young.

adj. denoting an animal, especially a bird or horse, kept for the purpose of breeding.

“The farmer kept a few brood hens to ensure a supply of new chicks.”

“The estate was famous for its brood mares, which had produced several championship-winning racehorses over the decades.”

Usage

Attributive use only; placed before the noun.

Synonyms

Real-World Examples

“It follows news that the Sussexes’ brood of chickens are remaining at their home in California to be cared for there.”
BreakingNews.ie 25 Aug 2026
“Therefore, a single application of bait often produces temporary relief from the pests because another invasion can occur when the queen hatches a new brood.”
Phys.org 17 Aug 2026
“There, they brood in silence, biding their time until they happen upon an unlucky submarine.”
Smithsonian Magazine 3 Aug 2018

Etymology

From Middle English brood, brod, from Old English brōd (“brood; foetus; breeding, hatching”), from Proto-Germanic brōduz (“heat, breeding”), from Proto-Indo-European bʰreh₁- (“breath, mist, vapour, steam”).

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Word family

VERB

brood(C1)

Related words

Domain

Mining

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.C1 AdvancedIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.7.0–8.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 5.0–5.595–113TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.945–990
Frequency
Frequent
Level
C1 · Advanced
Updated

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English Reference