Word
flora
Phoneticsflo·ra, stress on the first syllable
US/ˈfɫɔɹə/
UK/flˈɔːɹɐ/
Definitions
01plants of a region
B2 · Upper Intermediate Uncountable noun Science Academic · Technical
n. all the plants that grow in a particular area or during a specific time in history.
n. the collective plant life of a specific geographic region or geological era.
日本語:植物相※
“The local flora includes many rare flowers that only grow in this valley.”
“The botanist spent years documenting the alpine flora, noting how rising temperatures were pushing certain species to higher altitudes.”
Usage
Often paired with 'fauna' to describe all living things in an area.
Teaching tip
Learners should remember that 'flora' refers to plants, while 'fauna' refers to animals.
Synonyms
Antonyms
02body bacteria
C1 · Advanced Uncountable noun Medicine Technical · Academic
n. the tiny organisms, like bacteria, that live naturally in or on a part of the body.
n. the complex community of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, inhabiting a specific site in a host organism.
“Eating yogurt can help maintain a healthy balance of gut flora.”
“Antibiotics can sometimes disrupt the natural intestinal flora, leading to secondary digestive complications for the patient.”
Usage
Commonly used in the phrase 'gut flora' or 'intestinal flora'.
Teaching tip
In modern medical contexts, 'microbiota' is becoming more common, but 'flora' remains standard in general health discussions.
Synonyms
03a book about plants
C2 · Proficiency Countable noun Science Formal · Technical
n. a book or list that describes all the plants found in a certain place.
n. a systematic treatise or catalogue describing the plants of a particular region or period.
“He consulted a local flora to identify the strange tree in his garden.”
“The library holds a rare eighteenth-century flora containing hand-painted illustrations of every species found in the county.”
Usage
Usually used with a capital letter when referring to the title of a specific book.
Teaching tip
This is a very specific academic use; most learners will simply use 'field guide' or 'botany book'.
Real-World Examples
“The tails side of every newly-minted coin from the 1p to the £2 now features the country's flora and fauna - from bees to an oak tree leaf.” “Initial investigations suggest the eggs belong to a parrot species protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Cites).” Etymology
From Latin Flōra (Roman goddess of flowers).
Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Word family
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
Domain
- Exam level
- CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.C1 AdvancedIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.7.0–8.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 5.0–5.595–113TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.945–990
- Frequency
- Frequent
- Level
- C1 · Advanced
- Updated
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QR code
englishreference.com/q/flora
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「日本語」 data: JMdict (EDRDG), CC BY-SA 4.0