English Reference
Adjective

harmful

adj.
B2 Upper Intermediate Oxford US /ˈhɑɹmfəɫ/ UK /hˈɑːmfəl/ harm·ful

adj.causing damage or injury to someone or something. You use this to describe things that are bad for your health, the environment, or your success.

adj.causing or capable of causing physical, emotional, or environmental damage. Often used to describe substances, behaviors, or influences that have a negative impact on a subject.


SIMPLE

Smoking is harmful to your health.

CONTEXTUAL

The factory was fined for releasing harmful chemicals into the local river system.

COMPLEX

While some critics argue that the new policy is beneficial, others maintain that its long-term effects will be harmful to the country's economic stability.

Usage

Typically followed by the preposition 'to' when specifying the object being damaged.

Usage harmful content · harmful effects · harmful environmental

One study even found that many people wrongly believe that vaping and pouch use are as harmful or even more harmful than smoking .

The Conversation· 17 Aug 2026

Salt contains sodium, which the body needs, but too much sodium can be harmful .

The Conversation· 17 Aug 2026

From Middle English harmful, from Old English *hearmful (suggested by hearmfullīċ (“harmful; hurtful”)), equivalent to harm + -ful. Cognate with German harmvoll, Danish harmfuld, Swedish harmfull.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This entry
Origin Old English *hearmful
Level B2 · Upper Intermediate
Frequency Frequent
Updated