English Reference

Word

heathen

Phoneticshea·then, stress on the first syllable

US/ˈhiðən/

UK/hˈiːðən/

Definitions

01non-religious person

C2 · Proficiency Countable noun Religion Literary · Archaic

n. someone who does not follow a major religion like Christianity, Islam, or Judaism.

n. a person who does not belong to a widely recognized monotheistic religion, particularly an Abrahamic one. Historically used by Christians to describe pagans.

“The old books described the distant tribes as heathens who worshipped the sun.”

“Early medieval chronicles often depicted the invading Vikings as heathens who had no respect for the sanctity of the local monasteries.”

Usage

Often carries a judgmental or exclusionary tone in historical texts.

Teaching tip

In modern contexts, this is mostly found in literature or historical discussions; using it for a living person can be offensive.

Synonyms

paganinfidelunbeliever

Antonyms

02uncultured person

C2 · Proficiency Countable noun Informal · Humorous

n. a person who has no manners or does not appreciate art and culture.

n. an uncultured or uncivilized person. Used as a derogatory label for someone perceived as lacking social refinement.

“My brother is a total heathen because he eats pizza with a spoon.”

“The critics dismissed the new audience as a pack of heathens who were more interested in their phones than the performance.”

Synonyms

philistinebarbariansavage

Antonyms

intellectualsophisticate

03pagan or uncultured

C2 · Proficiency Literary

adj. describing someone or something that is not religious or lacks culture.

adj. pertaining to people or customs that do not follow a major monotheistic religion; by extension, uncultured or barbaric.

“The explorers were surprised by the heathen customs of the remote tribe.”

“The missionary spent years attempting to convert the local population from their heathen traditions to his own faith.”

Synonyms

paganirreligiousuncivilized

04Germanic neopagan

C2 · Proficiency Countable noun Religion Technical

n. a person who follows a modern version of the old Germanic or Norse religions.

n. an adherent of Heathenry, a contemporary neopagan movement based on the historical religious beliefs of Germanic peoples.

“He identifies as a heathen and studies ancient Norse mythology.”

“The local Heathen community gathered to celebrate the winter solstice according to reconstructed Germanic rites.”

Usage

Often capitalized as 'Heathen' when referring specifically to this religious group.

Synonyms

neopagan

Real-World Examples

“When the Spaniards arrived in Central America in the 1500s, they did their best to destroy the writings of "heathen" scribes still working in the language of the Maya.”
The Guardian 28 May 2013
“No self-respecting artist is going to sacrifice their beautiful creation to those cruel, gnashing European heathens.”
The Guardian 21 Sept 2026

Etymology

From Middle English hethen, from Old English hǣþen, from Proto-West Germanic haiþin, from Proto-Germanic haiþīnaz (“heathen, pagan”, adjective), equivalent to heath (“heathland”) + -en. Cognate with West Frisian heiden, Dutch heiden, Middle High German heiden, German Heiden, German Heide, Swedish heden, Danish hedensk (from heden+sk), Icelandic heiðinn. See also Proto-Germanic *haiduz, Old Norse heiðr (honour, bright, moor), Icelandic heiður (honour).

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Domain

Religion

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.C2 ProficiencyIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.8.5–9.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 6.0114–120
Frequency
Occasional
Level
C2 · Proficiency
Updated

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English Reference