including
v.v. used to show that a person or thing is part of a larger group. You use it when you want to name some examples of what you are talking about.
v. used to introduce a person or thing that is part of a larger group or set. Functions as a non-finite verb form that has transitioned into a prepositional role.
The price is twenty dollars, including tax.
The whole family came to the party, including my cousins from Australia.
The report covers several key environmental issues, including the impact of plastic waste on marine life and the decline of local bee populations.
By surface analysis, include + -ing.
Typically introduces a list or a specific example after a general noun phrase.
The price is ten dollars, included tax.The price is ten dollars, including tax.Learners often confuse the active participle 'including' with the passive 'included'; 'including' precedes the item, while 'included' usually follows it.