Word
including
Phoneticsin·clud·ing, stress on the second syllable
US/ˌɪnˈkɫudɪŋ/
UK/ɪnklˈuːdɪŋ/
Definition
prep. used to introduce a person or thing that is part of a larger group you just mentioned.
prep. introduces one or more members of a set or category previously mentioned in the clause.
Examples
“The price is twenty dollars, including tax.”
“The whole family came to the party, including my cousins from Australia.”
“The report covers several key environmental issues, including the impact of plastic waste on marine life and the decline of local bee populations.”
Examples
simple
“The price is twenty dollars, including tax.”
contextual
“The whole family came to the party, including my cousins from Australia.”
complex
“The report covers several key environmental issues, including the impact of plastic waste on marine life and the decline of local bee populations.”
Usage
Usually follows the noun or phrase representing the whole group.
Pitfall
The price is $50, including of tax.
The price is $50, including tax.
Do not use 'of' after 'including'. It functions as a preposition on its own.
Etymology
By surface analysis, include + -ing.
Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Synonyms
Antonyms
- Exam level
- CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.A2 KeyIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.3.0–4.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 2.0–2.524–43TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.225–549
- Frequency
- Very common
- Level
- A2 · ElementaryOxford
- Updated
- アルファベット
- 読み方の一覧 →
QR code
englishreference.com/q/including