English Reference

Word

marxism

Phoneticsmarx·ism

/ˈmɑɹksɪzəm/

Definitions

01political theory

C1 · Advanced Uncountable noun Academic

n. the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which argue that history is a struggle between social classes.

n. the body of doctrine developed by Marx and Engels, characterized by historical materialism and the critique of capitalist modes of production.

“In university, we studied Marxism to understand how it influenced the history of the twentieth century.”

“The professor argued that classical Marxism provides a necessary framework for analyzing the structural inequalities inherent in global trade.”

Antonyms

02political movement

C1 · Advanced Uncountable noun Formal

n. a political program that aims to give power to the working class and end private ownership of businesses.

n. a revolutionary political program aiming to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat as a transitional stage toward a stateless, classless society.

“The local political group was founded on the principles of Marxism.”

“The revolutionary leaders sought to implement a pure form of Marxism, nationalizing all major industries and redistributing land to the peasantry.”

Synonyms

revolutionary socialism

03derogatory label

C2 · Proficiency Uncountable noun Informal

n. a word sometimes used to criticize any government policy that involves high taxes or social welfare.

n. a derogatory label applied to various left-wing or interventionist policies, often regardless of their actual connection to Marx's theories.

“The politician accused his opponent of Marxism just because he wanted to increase the minimum wage.”

“In the heat of the election, any proposal for increased public spending was dismissed by critics as creeping Marxism.”

Synonyms

radicalismleftism

Usage

Usually capitalized. Often used as a framework for analysis in sociology, history, and economics.

Real-World Examples

“Marxism became a way of interpreting the world - the simple idea at its core that history was a battle between opposing social classes could be applied to everything from the study of literature and film to the education system.”
BBC News 7 May 2017

Etymology

From Marx + -ism.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Word family

NOUN

Marxism(C1)

Related words

Domain

Politics

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.C1 AdvancedIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.7.0–8.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 5.0–5.595–113TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.945–990
Frequency
Frequent
Level
C1 · Advanced
Updated

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