ENGLISH
REFERENCE

on top of sth/sb

prep. phr..
A2 Elementary Oxford

prep. phr.. This phrase can mean physically on the highest part of something. It also means 'in addition to' something else, especially another problem or task.

prep. phr.. A complex preposition indicating either a superior physical position or the addition of a further element to an existing situation, often with a cumulative or burdensome connotation.


SIMPLE

I have a test on top of my homework.

CONTEXTUAL

On top of all her other work, she had to write a new report for the manager.

COMPLEX

The company faced plummeting sales and, on top of that dire financial outlook, a sudden and damaging investigation into its corporate governance practices was launched.

Usage

The phrase often introduces an additional, and usually negative, element to a situation.

Teaching tip

Contrast the literal spatial meaning ('on the roof') with the common figurative meaning ('in addition to'), which often implies a burden.

Pitfall

On top the table.On top of the table.The preposition 'of' is required to connect 'top' to the following noun.

© 2026 English Reference