English Reference
Noun

subpoena

n. countable
C1 Advanced US /səˈpinə/ UK /suːpˈiːnɐ/ sub·poe·na UK spelling subpoenaed, subpoenaing, subpoenas Law

n.a legal document that orders someone to go to a court of law. If you receive one, you must appear as a witness or provide specific documents.

n.a formal written order issued by a court or other government agency to compel a witness to testify or produce evidence. Failure to comply typically results in a penalty for contempt.


SIMPLE

The lawyer sent a subpoena to the witness.

CONTEXTUAL

The company received a subpoena for all internal emails related to the merger investigation.

COMPLEX

Legal counsel advised the executive that ignoring the subpoena would likely result in a contempt of court charge, regardless of the sensitive nature of the requested documents.

Usage

Often used with the verbs 'issue', 'serve', or 'comply with'.

Pitfall
the police subpoenaed to himthe police subpoenaed him

When used as a verb, it is transitive and does not take the preposition 'to'.

McDonald confirmed once again that he had been subpoenaed and ordered to appear at the trial in Nevada.

The Guardian· 19 Aug 2026

Court filings show that representatives for the BBC's legal team attempted in May to serve subpoenas to the president's son Donald Trump Jr., his daughter Ivanka Trump and son-in-law Jared Kushner.

BBC News· 15 Aug 2026

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *upó Proto-Italic *supo Medieval Latin subbor. Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- Proto-Indo-European *-nós Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂ Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)bor. Medieval Latin poenabor. Middle English sub pena English subpoena The noun sense is derived from Late Middle English sub pena (“writ requiring defendant to appear in the Court of Chancery to answer a plaintiff’s claim or to be punished; writ requiring witness to appear in court”), from Latin sub (“under”) + poena (“penalty, punishment”), from the opening words of the writ. The verb sense is derived from the noun one.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This entry
Origin Latin sub
Level C1 · Advanced
Frequency Frequent
Updated