ENGLISH
REFERENCE

turbulent

adj.
B2 Upper Intermediate US //ˈtɝbjəɫənt// UK //tˈɜːbjʊlənt// tur·bu·lent

adj. moving in an uneven or violent way, like air or water. It also describes a time or situation that is full of confusion, change, and disagreement.

adj. characterised by conflict, disorder, or confusion; not stable or calm. In a physical sense, refers to fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.


SIMPLE

The flight was bumpy because of the turbulent air.

CONTEXTUAL

The country experienced a turbulent decade marked by frequent protests and sudden changes in leadership.

COMPLEX

Economists warned that the sudden shift in trade policy would lead to a turbulent period for international markets, as investors struggle to price in the new risks.

Synonyms
Origin

From Middle English turbulent, from Middle French turbulent, from Latin turbulentus, from turba (“disorder, tumult, crowd”).

Usage

Often used to describe weather, water, or historical periods; can be used both attributively and predicatively.

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