00 / Other
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal grammatical importance. The most common forms at A1 level are and, but, or, and so.
A1Beginner
01 / Overview
Coordinating conjunctions function as links between elements that have the same status in a sentence. They can join two nouns, two verbs, or two complete sentences to show a specific relationship between them.
- And adds information.
- But shows a contrast or a different idea.
- Or presents a choice or alternative.
- So shows a result or consequence.
02 / Sentence Structure
Clause 1 + , + conjunction + Clause 2
When joining two independent clauses (complete sentences), a comma is typically placed before the conjunction. When joining two words or short phrases, no comma is required.
03 / Examples
04 / Common mistakes
I am hungry, because I eat a sandwich.
I am hungry, so I eat a sandwich.
Use 'so' for the result. 'Because' is used for the reason, which would reverse the sentence order.
She speaks English but Spanish.
She speaks English and Spanish.
Use 'and' to add similar items. 'But' is only for contrasting or opposite ideas.
05 / Choosing the Right Conjunction
| Conjunction | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| and | Addition | I have a cat and a dog. |
| but | Contrast | It is small but clean. |
| or | Option | Is it Tuesday or Wednesday? |
| so | Result | I am sick, so I stay home. |
06 / Practice
I want to go to the park, ___ it is raining.
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Answer: but
Why: The second clause contrasts with the first; rain is an obstacle to going to the park.
Would you like tea ___ coffee?
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Answer: or
Why: The sentence offers a choice between two different drinks.
He studied hard, ___ he passed the exam.
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Answer: so
Why: Passing the exam is the direct result of studying hard.