Second conditional
B1 IntermediateThe second conditional describes hypothetical or imaginary situations in the present or future. It expresses events that are unlikely to happen or are contrary to current facts.
Overview
The second conditional is used to talk about imaginary or unlikely scenarios. It differs from the first conditional because the situation is not expected to happen, or it is physically impossible in the present. It is also commonly used to give advice using the phrase If I were you.
Form
If + past simple, ... would + verb
The structure consists of an 'if' clause and a main clause. The 'if' clause uses the past simple, and the main clause uses would followed by the base form of the verb. Note that with the verb to be, were is often used for all persons in formal contexts.
Examples
Common mistakes
If I will have more time, I would learn to paint.
If I had more time, I would learn to paint.
Do not use 'will' or 'would' in the 'if' clause.
If I was you, I would call them.
If I were you, I would call them.
While 'was' is common in speech, 'were' is the standard form for advice and hypothetical statements.
First vs. Second Conditional
Use the first conditional for things that might actually happen and the second for dreams or impossible situations.
| Feature | First Conditional | Second Conditional |
|---|---|---|
| Probability | Real or likely | Imaginary or unlikely |
| Tense in 'if' clause | Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Modal in main clause | Will | Would |
Practice
If I ___ (be) taller, I would play professional basketball.
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were
Answer:were
Why:The second conditional uses the past subjunctive 'were' for hypothetical states, even with the first person singular.
She would be very happy if he ___ (ask) her to the party.
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asked
Answer:asked
Why:The 'if' clause in a second conditional sentence requires the past simple tense to show the situation is hypothetical.
If we ___ (have) a car, we could drive to the coast this weekend.
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had
Answer:had
Why:The past simple 'had' is used here to indicate that the speakers currently do not own a car.