English Reference

Word

chiefly

US/ˈtʃifɫi/

UK/tʃˈiːfli/

Adverb of degree

Definition

adv. mostly or mainly; you use this to point out the most important part of a group or reason.

adv. principally or primarily; used to identify the most significant element or cause in a given context.

Examples

“The team is chiefly made up of students.”

“The report focuses chiefly on the economic impact of the new policy.”

“The region's economy is chiefly dependent on tourism, though small-scale agriculture provides a vital safety net during off-season months.”

Examples

simple

“The team is chiefly made up of students.”

contextual

“The report focuses chiefly on the economic impact of the new policy.”

complex

“The region's economy is chiefly dependent on tourism, though small-scale agriculture provides a vital safety net during off-season months.”

Usage

Usually placed before the phrase it modifies or after the verb 'to be'.

Teaching tip

This is a more formal alternative to 'mainly'. In casual conversation, most speakers prefer 'mostly' or 'mainly'.

Etymology

From Middle English chefly; equivalent to chief + -ly (adverbial suffix).

From chief + -ly (adjectival suffix). Piecewise doublet of chefly and headly.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Synonyms

Antonyms

Word family

ADVERB

chiefly(B2)

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.B2 FirstIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.5.5–6.5TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 4.0–4.572–94TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.785–944
Frequency
Frequent
Level
B2 · Upper Intermediate
Updated
Register
Formal

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