English Reference

Word

ethos

US/ˈiθɑs/

UK/ˈiːθəʊz/

Definitions

01guiding beliefs

C1 · Advanced Uncountable noun Academic

n. the general spirit or beliefs of a community, company, or culture.

n. the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its attitudes and aspirations.

“The company's ethos is based on honesty and helping the local community.”

“The university's research ethos emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration and the ethical application of emerging technologies.”

02rhetorical appeal

C2 · Proficiency Uncountable noun Academic · Technical

n. the way a speaker shows they are trustworthy or an expert to persuade an audience.

n. a rhetorical appeal based on the character or projected credibility of the speaker or writer.

“The lawyer built his ethos by mentioning his twenty years of experience in court.”

“In her opening statement, the scientist established her ethos by citing her extensive fieldwork and peer-reviewed publications.”

Antonyms

03artistic character

C2 · Proficiency Uncountable noun Theater Academic · Literary

n. the qualities in art that show the calm, ideal character of a culture rather than strong emotions.

n. the aesthetic quality in a work of art that expresses ideal or universal character, often contrasted with emotional 'pathos'.

“The calm ethos of the ancient statues showed the values of that society.”

“Critics noted that the mural captured the collective ethos of the post-war era through its focus on stoic, monumental figures.”

Antonyms

Usage

Often used in the singular with a definite or indefinite article; 'both' because it can refer to the abstract concept or specific sets of values.

Real-World Examples

“If Davies has an ethos of television, then it is that there is no high or low.”
The Guardian 9 Oct 2026
“But the ethos of using what you have and figuring it out as you go along is fundamental to McGurn.”
The Guardian 18 Aug 2026
“The movement is less about specific ideas than it is about an ethos – applying rigorous, mathematically informed thinking to AI, philosophy, psychology and the big questions of our time.”
The Guardian 5 Mar 2025

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “character; custom, habit”). Cognate to Sanskrit स्वधा (svadhā́, “habit, custom”).

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Domain

Art

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.C1 AdvancedIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.7.0–8.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 5.0–5.595–113TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.945–990
Frequency
Frequent
Level
C1 · Advanced
Updated

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English Reference