ENGLISH
REFERENCE

pug

n. countable
B1 Intermediate US //ˈpəɡ// UK //pˈʌɡ// pug Archaic Dialect Informal

n. a small dog with a flat, wrinkled face and a short tail that curls over its back. These dogs are known for being friendly and having a very distinct look.

n. a breed of small dog characterized by a wrinkled, short-muzzled face and a curled tail. Often kept as a companion animal due to its sociable temperament.


SIMPLE

The pug snorted loudly as it ran toward its owner.

CONTEXTUAL

Because of their flat faces, pugs often struggle to breathe in very hot or humid weather.

COMPLEX

The pug has gained immense popularity in urban environments, where its compact size and relatively low exercise requirements make it an ideal companion for apartment living.

Etymology 1

Origin unknown, possibly related to West Flemish pugge (“(adjective) small; (noun) short person; pet name derived from the first name Pugge”); though it is uncertain whether sense 1 (“senses relating to someone or something small”) and sense 2 (“senses relating to people”) are derived from the same source. Etymology 1 sense 1.8 (“small demon”) was probably influenced by, though not a variant of, puck.

Etymology 2

Acronym of pickup group.

Etymology 3

The noun is borrowed from Hindi पग (pag, “step; (less common) foot; leg”), from Old Hindi पगु (pagu), from Sanskrit पद्ग (padga), from पद् (pad, “step; foot”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European ped- (“to step; to walk; to fall; to stumble”)) + ग (ga, stem at the ends of compounds denoting going or moving) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European gʷem- (“to step”)). The verb is derived from the noun.

Etymology 4

Clipping of pugilist.

Etymology 5

The origin of the verb is uncertain; it is possibly: * related to southern Dutch puggen (“to hit hard”), German pucken (“to beat, thump”), possibly ultimately imitative; or * related to poke (verb). It is also uncertain whether the various senses are derived from the same source. The origin of the noun is also uncertain; it is probably related to the verb.

Etymology 6

Origin unknown; etymology 6 sense 1.2 (“to spoil (something) by touching too much”) is possibly influenced by pug (verb, noun) (see etymology 5) or puggy.

Etymology 7

From Late Middle English pugge (“husk of grain”); further etymology unknown, possibly related to pug (verb) (see etymology 5). However, the latter is only attested much later.

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