English Reference

Word

unknown

Phoneticsun·known, stress on the second syllable

US/ənˈnoʊn/

UK/ʌnnˈəʊn/

Definitions

01not identified

B2 · Upper Intermediate

adj. not known, identified, or familiar to people.

adj. not known, identified, or familiar; often used postpositionally in specific phrases like 'reasons unknown'.

“The letter was sent by an unknown person with no return address.”

“The painting was attributed to an unknown artist from the seventeenth century, though recent stylistic analysis suggests a student of Rembrandt.”

02the mysterious or unexplored

B2 · Upper Intermediate Uncountable noun

n. a place, situation, or fact that nobody knows anything about yet.

n. an unexplored or unidentified place, situation, or realm of knowledge; often used with the definite article 'the'.

“Space travel is a journey into the unknown for most of us.”

“The explorers faced the great unknown with a mixture of trepidation and scientific curiosity, unsure of what the deep-sea trenches might reveal.”

Antonyms

03a person without fame

C1 · Advanced Countable noun Formal

n. a person who is not famous or whose identity is not known.

n. an individual who lacks fame, social standing, or a public identity.

“He was a complete unknown before he won the national talent show.”

“The candidate was a political unknown until a series of viral debates propelled her to the forefront of the national conversation.”

Synonyms

nobodynonentity

Antonyms

celebritypublic figure

04math variable

B2 · Upper Intermediate Countable noun Mathematics Technical

n. a symbol, like x or y, that represents a number you need to find.

n. a quantity or variable in a mathematical equation whose value is initially unspecified and must be determined.

“In the equation 2x + 5 = 11, x is the unknown.”

“The physicist introduced a second unknown into the formula to account for the unexpected variance in gravitational pull during the experiment.”

Synonyms

Antonyms

Collocations

Common phrases and expressions where native English speakers use the word “unknown” in context.

Adjective

01. largely unknown

“The details of the artist's early life remain largely unknown to the public.”

adv + adj

02. unknown to the authorities

“The suspect was previously unknown to the authorities before his arrest.”

adj + prep + noun

03. virtually unknown

“This species of bird was virtually unknown in this region until last year.”

adv + adj

Noun

04. fear of the unknown

“Many people experience a deep fear of the unknown when they start a new career.”

noun + of + noun

05. unknown quantity

“The new manager is something of an unknown quantity, so we don't know what to expect.”

adj + noun

06. unknown reasons

“For unknown reasons, the flight was delayed for over six hours.”

adj + noun

Preposition

07. into the unknown

“The explorers headed deep into the unknown, hoping to find the lost city.”

prep + noun

Real-World Examples

“The victim was transported to hospital via an emergency run by paramedics with unknown injuries.”
Toronto Sun 16 Aug 2026
“I had to tell him to put it out.” The cause of the Blaenavon fire is still unknown, but across the country arson arrests have been made in relation to this summer’s fires.”
The Guardian 16 Aug 2026
“While dozens have been rescued, the search continues for an unknown number of missing people.”
The New York Times 13 Aug 2026

Etymology

From Middle English unknowen, uniknowen, uniknowe, from Old English unġecnāwen (“unknown”), equivalent to un- + known.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Idioms

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.B2 FirstIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.5.5–6.5TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 4.0–4.572–94TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.785–944
Frequency
Common
Level
B2 · Upper IntermediateOxford
Updated

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English Reference