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beef

n. · v.
US //ˈbif// UK //bˈiːf// beef
  1. 1 meat (n.)
    A2 Elementary Cooking

    the meat from a cow or bull used for food.

    the flesh of adult cattle used as food. Uncountable in its general sense.

    Example

    We are having roast beef and potatoes for dinner tonight.

    Example

    The chef insisted on sourcing grass-fed beef from local farms to ensure the highest quality for the steakhouse menu.

    • red meat
  2. 2 a complaint or argument (n.)
    B2 Upper Intermediate Informal Slang

    a complaint or a long-running argument with someone.

    a grievance, complaint, or a state of dispute between parties. Often used with the preposition 'with'.

    Example

    I have no beef with him; we just don't talk very much.

    Example

    The two rappers had a public beef that lasted for years before they finally reconciled at a charity event.

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  1. 3 to complain (v.)
    C1 Advanced Informal Slang

    to complain about something.

    to complain or grumble. Intransitive; often followed by 'about'.

    Example

    He is always beefing about how much work he has to do.

    Example

    The residents began beefing about the new parking regulations long before the city council had even finalised the vote.

  2. 4 to strengthen (v.)
    B2 Upper Intermediate Informal

    to make something stronger or better by adding more to it.

    to add weight, strength, or power to something. Usually appears as the phrasal verb 'beef up'.

    Example

    The company needs to beef up its security after the break-in.

    Example

    The government decided to beef up the border patrols in response to the recent increase in illegal smuggling activities.

    Usage

    Commonly used in the phrasal form 'beef up' followed by a direct object.

Origin

PIE word *gʷṓws From Middle English beef, bef, beof, borrowed from Anglo-Norman beof, Old French buef, boef (“ox”) (modern French bœuf); from Latin bōs (“ox”), from Proto-Italic gʷōs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European gʷṓws. Doublet of cow. Beef in the sense of “a grudge, argument” was originally an American slang expression: * attested as a verb “to complain” in 1888: “He'll beef an' kick like a steer an' let on he won't never wear 'em.”— New York World, 13 May; * attested as a noun “complaint, protest, grievance, sim.” in 1899: “He made a Horrible Beef because he couldn't get Loaf Sugar for his Coffee.”—Fables in Slang (1900) by George Ade, page 80. As to the possible origin of this American usage, it has been suggested that it can be traced back to a British expression for “alarm”, first recorded in 1725: "BEEF 'to alarm, as To cry beef upon us; they have discover'd us, and are in Pursuit of us". The term "beef" in this context would be a Cockney rhyming slang of thief. However, the continuous use of a similar expression, including its assumed semantic shift to 'complaint' in the United States from the 1880s onwards, needs further clarification.

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