Word
circulation
Phoneticscir·cu·la·tion, stress on the first syllable
US/ˈsɝkjəˌɫeɪʃən/
UK/sˌɜːkjʊlˈeɪʃən/
Definitions
01blood or air movement
B2 · Upper Intermediate Uncountable noun Medicine
n. the movement of blood around your body or air around a room.
n. the continuous movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels, or the movement of air or water through a space or system.
日本語:循環※
“Exercise is a great way to improve your blood circulation.”
“Poor air circulation in the old office building led to complaints about the stuffy atmosphere and rising temperatures during the summer months.”
Antonyms
02money or items in use
C1 · Advanced Uncountable noun Formal
n. the movement of money or information from one person to another.
n. the state of being in use or being passed from person to person, particularly regarding currency or public information.
日本語:流通※
“The government decided to take the old coins out of circulation.”
“Several forged banknotes were discovered in general circulation, prompting a warning from the central bank to local retailers.”
Synonyms
Antonyms
Collocations
Common phrases and expressions where native English speakers use the word “circulation” in context.
Verb
01. boost the circulation
“The magazine launched a major advertising campaign to boost its circulation among younger readers.”
verb + noun
02. improve the circulation
“Regular exercise and massage can significantly improve the circulation in your legs.”
verb + noun
03. withdraw from circulation
“The central bank decided to withdraw the old banknotes from circulation starting next month.”
verb + prep + noun
Adjective
04. poor circulation
“If you often have cold hands and feet, it might be a sign of poor circulation.”
adj + noun
05. wide circulation
“The rumors gained wide circulation despite the lack of any official evidence.”
adj + noun
Noun
06. circulation figures
“Daily newspapers have seen a steady decline in their circulation figures over the last decade.”
noun + noun
07. circulation of blood
“The heart is the organ responsible for the continuous circulation of blood throughout the body.”
noun + of + noun
Preposition
08. in circulation
“There are several different versions of the software currently in circulation.”
prep + noun
Real-World Examples
“The ministry said it "detected over the last days the circulation of publications and anonymous messages on social media inciting the organisation of collective, illegal crossing attempts" towards Ceuta.” “Earlier this week, Rabat said it was monitoring “the circulation of social media posts and messages of unknown origin” calling for a mass crossing on 15 August, warning it would prosecute organisers and participants.” “The team says the findings support taking immediate steps to address access to sodium nitrite and the circulation of harmful information online.” Etymology
From Middle English circulacioun, from Latin circulatio. Morphologically circulate + -ion.
Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Word family
VERB
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
- Exam level
- CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.C1 AdvancedIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.7.0–8.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 5.0–5.595–113TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.945–990
- Frequency
- Frequent
- Level
- C1 · AdvancedOxford
- Updated
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QR code
englishreference.com/q/circulation
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「日本語」 data: JMdict (EDRDG), CC BY-SA 4.0