English Reference
adjective · noun

freshwater

adj. · n.
US /ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔtɝ/ UK /fɹˈɛʃwɔːtɐ/ fresh·wa·ter

  1. 01 B2 Upper Intermediate Science

    adj.describing water that does not contain salt, such as the water in most lakes and rivers.

    adj.relating to or consisting of water that is not salty. Often used to categorize bodies of water that are not oceans or seas.

    Simple

    Many people prefer swimming in freshwater lakes because there is no salt to sting their eyes.

    In context

    The local ecosystem relies on a steady supply of freshwater from the mountains to maintain the health of the wetlands.

    non saline
  2. 02 B2 Upper Intermediate Science

    adj.describing animals or plants that live in water that is not salty.

    adj.denoting organisms that inhabit non-saline environments. This is a non-gradable classification in biology.

    Simple

    Trout are popular freshwater fish that you can find in many mountain streams.

    In context

    Biologists are studying how certain freshwater species adapt when their habitats are contaminated by agricultural runoff.

  3. 03 C2 Proficiency American EnglishTechnicalAcademic Science

    adj.a style of economic thinking from universities near the Great Lakes in the US.

    adj.referring to a school of macroeconomic thought associated with researchers at US universities near the Great Lakes, typically favoring free-market models.

    Simple

    The professor explained the differences between freshwater and saltwater economic theories.

    In context

    Freshwater economists generally argue that government intervention is less effective than market-based solutions during a recession.

  4. 04 C2 Proficiency ArchaicLiterary

    adj.used to describe a sailor who has only worked on rivers or lakes and lacks experience on the open sea.

    adj.describing a mariner who is unskilled or inexperienced in seafaring, traditionally because their experience is limited to inland waters.

    Simple

    The old captain laughed at the freshwater sailors who were afraid of a little storm.

    In context

    The crew looked with suspicion upon the freshwater recruit, doubting his ability to handle the rigors of a transatlantic voyage.

  5. 05 B2 Upper Intermediate

    n.water that does not have salt in it.

    n.water that is not salty; an alternative spelling or form of the compound noun 'fresh water'.

    Simple

    The island has a limited supply of freshwater for the tourists.

    In context

    Access to clean freshwater remains one of the most significant challenges for developing nations in the twenty-first century.

    drinking water

Despite measuring about the length of a smartphone, round goby have an outsized impact on freshwater ecosystems.

Phys.org· 18 Aug 2026

Chalk streams support some of the UK's most important freshwater habitats.

Phys.org· 14 Aug 2026

From Middle English freche watur, fresshe water; equivalent to fresh + water.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This entry
Origin Middle English freche watur
Level B2 · Upper Intermediate
Frequency Frequent
Updated