English Reference

Word

pathological

Phoneticspatho·log·i·cal

US/ˌpæθəˈɫɑdʒɪkəɫ/

UK/pˌæθəlˈɒdʒɪkəl/

Definitions

01medical/disease

C1 · Medicine

adj. relating to a physical or mental disease.

adj. pertaining to pathology; caused by or involving a physical or mental disorder.

“The doctor examined the pathological changes in the patient's lung tissue.”

“The biopsy revealed pathological abnormalities that were inconsistent with a simple viral infection, prompting further diagnostic testing.”

Technical

Usage

In medical contexts, it is the opposite of 'physiological', which refers to normal body functions.

Synonyms

03mathematics/computing

C2 · Math

adj. describing a problem or case that is very strange and does not follow normal rules.

adj. describing a structure or case that violates standard intuition or behaves poorly under typical algorithms.

“The software crashed because it couldn't handle a pathological case in the data.”

“The function was considered pathological because it was continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere, defying the expectations of early calculus students.”

Technical · Academic

Usage

Often used to describe 'edge cases' that break a system or theory.

Synonyms

ill-conditionedanomalous

Antonyms

well-behaved

Real-World Examples

“Armed with organoids grown from diseased human tissues, scientists can investigate whether new drug candidates reverse pathological changes in all or a subset of patients, and quickly identify ineffective drugs early in the process.”
The Guardian · 12 Aug 2026
“The right and far-right desire to identify and then defenestrate anyone or anything that could be seen as symbolic of progress is virtually pathological.”
The Guardian · 19 Aug 2026

Etymology

From pathology + -ical.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Word family

pathologicalAdjectivepathologistNounpathologyNoun

Domains

MathematicsMedicine

This entry

Level
C1 · Advanced
Frequency
Frequent
Updated

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English Reference