Word
say
US/ˈseɪ/
UK/sˈeɪ/
Irregular verb
Forms
Infinitive
say
Past
said
Past participle
said
Definitions
01to speak words
A1 · Beginner
v. to use your voice to express thoughts, opinions, or information.
v. to utter words so as to convey information, an opinion, a feeling, or an intention.
“I forgot to say thank you for the lovely gift you sent me.”
“The witness was asked to say exactly what she saw during the minutes leading up to the accident.”
Usage
Often followed by a 'that' clause or direct speech.
Pitfall
He said me that he was tired.
He told me that he was tired.
The verb 'say' focuses on the words spoken and does not take a person as a direct object; use 'tell' if you want to mention the listener directly.
Teaching tip
Remind students that 'say' focuses on the message, while 'tell' focuses on the recipient.
02to show in writing
A2 · Elementary
v. to give information in a written form, like a sign or a book.
v. to indicate or communicate information through written or printed text.
“The sign says that the museum is closed on Mondays.”
“The instructions clearly say that the device must be fully charged before its first use.”
Usage
Commonly used with inanimate subjects like 'the sign' or 'the clock'.
03to suppose
B2 · Upper Intermediate Informal
v. to imagine or assume something is true for a moment.
v. to assume or suppose something as a basis for argument or suggestion.
“Let's say you win the lottery; what would you buy first?”
“Say we decide to move the headquarters to London; how would that affect our current tax liabilities?”
Usage
Often used in the imperative form to introduce a hypothetical scenario.
04right to decide
B1 · Intermediate Uncountable noun
n. the right or power to influence a decision.
n. the opportunity to express a view or the power to influence a final decision.
“Employees want to have a say in how the company is run.”
“Although the board members debated the proposal for hours, the CEO ultimately had the final say on the matter.”
Usage
Usually appears in the phrase 'to have a say' or 'to have the final say'.
05for example
B2 · Upper Intermediate Informal
adv. used to suggest an example or an approximate number.
adv. used to introduce an example or an approximate amount; functions as a sentence adverb.
“We could meet at a café, say at three o'clock?”
“If you were to invest a small amount, say five hundred dollars, the potential returns could still be significant.”
Usage
Typically placed before the noun or phrase it modifies.
Synonyms
06getting attention
B2 · Upper Intermediate American English · Informal
interj. a word used to get someone's attention before asking a question.
interj. an exclamation used to attract attention or express surprise.
“Say, have you seen my car keys anywhere?”
“Say, that is a remarkable piece of architecture across the street.”
Usage
Used at the beginning of a sentence.
Teaching tip
This is quite old-fashioned or specific to certain American dialects; students might hear it in older films.
Confusables
Say focuses on the words spoken, while mention is a brief, incidental reference to a topic.
RememberMention is a touch; say is the whole story.
Tell requires a personal indirect object, while say focuses on the information itself and cannot be followed directly by a person.
RememberYou say something, but you tell someone.
Etymology
From Middle English seyen, from Old English secgan, from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-, a suffixed o-grade form of *sekʷ- (“to say”).
Cognates include North Frisian sai, seede, sii, sjide, sooi, säie, West Frisian sizze, Alemannic ŝchége, ŝchegi, séege, säge, sägä, Bavarian sogn, soon, sågn, Luxembourgish soen, Faroese siga, and Jamtish segi. The adverb and interjection derive from the verb.
From Middle French saie, itself from Latin saga, the plural of sagum — a military cloak.
Aphetic form of assay.
Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Word family
VERB
NOUN
Related words
Idioms
01. do exactly what it says on the tin
03. final say
04. have a say
06. I'd say
07. I'll say
09. needless to say
10. say again
Show all 33
11. say cheese
12. say goodbye
13. say grace
14. say it all
15. say no more
19. say the word
20. say uncle
21. say what
22. say when
24. the hell you say
25. though I say it who should not
26. to say the least
27. what can I say
28. what do you say
31. wouldn't you say
Grammar
- Exam level
- CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.A1 MoversIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.2.0–3.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 1.0–1.50–23TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.120–224
- Frequency
- Very common
- Level
- A1 · Beginner
- Updated
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