English Reference

Word

say

US/ˈseɪ/

UK/sˈeɪ/

Irregular verb

Forms

Infinitive

say

Past

said

Past participle

said

Definitions

01to speak words

A1 · Beginner

v. to use your voice to express thoughts, opinions, or information.

v. to utter words so as to convey information, an opinion, a feeling, or an intention.

“I forgot to say thank you for the lovely gift you sent me.”

“The witness was asked to say exactly what she saw during the minutes leading up to the accident.”

Usage

Often followed by a 'that' clause or direct speech.

Pitfall

He said me that he was tired.

He told me that he was tired.

The verb 'say' focuses on the words spoken and does not take a person as a direct object; use 'tell' if you want to mention the listener directly.

Teaching tip

Remind students that 'say' focuses on the message, while 'tell' focuses on the recipient.

Synonyms

02to show in writing

A2 · Elementary

v. to give information in a written form, like a sign or a book.

v. to indicate or communicate information through written or printed text.

“The sign says that the museum is closed on Mondays.”

“The instructions clearly say that the device must be fully charged before its first use.”

Usage

Commonly used with inanimate subjects like 'the sign' or 'the clock'.

03to suppose

B2 · Upper Intermediate Informal

v. to imagine or assume something is true for a moment.

v. to assume or suppose something as a basis for argument or suggestion.

“Let's say you win the lottery; what would you buy first?”

“Say we decide to move the headquarters to London; how would that affect our current tax liabilities?”

Usage

Often used in the imperative form to introduce a hypothetical scenario.

04right to decide

B1 · Intermediate Uncountable noun

n. the right or power to influence a decision.

n. the opportunity to express a view or the power to influence a final decision.

“Employees want to have a say in how the company is run.”

“Although the board members debated the proposal for hours, the CEO ultimately had the final say on the matter.”

Usage

Usually appears in the phrase 'to have a say' or 'to have the final say'.

05for example

B2 · Upper Intermediate Informal

adv. used to suggest an example or an approximate number.

adv. used to introduce an example or an approximate amount; functions as a sentence adverb.

“We could meet at a café, say at three o'clock?”

“If you were to invest a small amount, say five hundred dollars, the potential returns could still be significant.”

Usage

Typically placed before the noun or phrase it modifies.

06getting attention

B2 · Upper Intermediate American English · Informal

interj. a word used to get someone's attention before asking a question.

interj. an exclamation used to attract attention or express surprise.

“Say, have you seen my car keys anywhere?”

“Say, that is a remarkable piece of architecture across the street.”

Usage

Used at the beginning of a sentence.

Teaching tip

This is quite old-fashioned or specific to certain American dialects; students might hear it in older films.

Synonyms

Confusables

say vs mention

Say focuses on the words spoken, while mention is a brief, incidental reference to a topic.

RememberMention is a touch; say is the whole story.

say vs tell

Tell requires a personal indirect object, while say focuses on the information itself and cannot be followed directly by a person.

RememberYou say something, but you tell someone.

Etymology

From Middle English seyen, from Old English secgan, from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-, a suffixed o-grade form of *sekʷ- (“to say”).

Cognates include North Frisian sai, seede, sii, sjide, sooi, säie, West Frisian sizze, Alemannic ŝchége, ŝchegi, séege, säge, sägä, Bavarian sogn, soon, sågn, Luxembourgish soen, Faroese siga, and Jamtish segi. The adverb and interjection derive from the verb.

From Middle French saie, itself from Latin saga, the plural of sagum — a military cloak.

Aphetic form of assay.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Word family

VERB

say(A1)

Related words

Idioms

Grammar

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.A1 MoversIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.2.0–3.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 1.0–1.50–23TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.120–224
Frequency
Very common
Level
A1 · Beginner
Updated

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