English Reference

Word

sultan

Phoneticssul·tan

US/ˈsəɫtən/

UK/sˈʌltən/

Definitions

01a ruler

B2

n. the king or ruler of a Muslim country.

n. a sovereign or ruler of a Muslim state, historically associated with the Ottoman Empire and currently used in nations like Brunei and Oman.

“The sultan lived in a beautiful palace in the center of the city.”

“The sultan issued a royal decree that reformed the nation's land ownership laws to encourage foreign investment.”

Antonyms

02historical office

C1

n. a powerful leader in history who held political power in a large empire.

n. a historical title for a secular ruler who exercised authority over a territory, often formally subordinate to a caliph but holding actual political power.

“Historians study how the sultan managed his vast empire during the Middle Ages.”

“While the caliph remained the spiritual figurehead, the sultan exercised absolute administrative and military control over the province.”

Formal

Synonyms

potentate

03ornamental chicken

C2

n. a type of decorative chicken that originally came from Turkey.

n. a specific breed of crested chicken originating in Turkey, primarily kept for ornamental purposes in gardens.

“The farmer kept a few sultans because of their unique white feathers.”

“The Sultan breed is easily identified by its heavy feathering, five toes, and large globular crest.”

Technical

Real-World Examples

“Al-Biruni’s later life and works were shaped by Mahmud Ghazni, sultan of the Ghaznavid empire from 998 to 1030.”
Aeon · 11 Sept 2026

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle French sultan or Medieval Latin sultanus, from Ottoman Turkish سلطان (sultan), from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān, “strength, authority, ruler”). Compare Hebrew שִׁלְטוֹן (shiltón) and סוּלְטָן (sultán). Doublet of soldan.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This entry

Level
C1 · Advanced
Frequency
Frequent
Updated

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English Reference