Verb + object + infinitive/gerund (advanced)
B2 Upper IntermediateThis guide covers complex verb patterns where an object is followed by either a bare infinitive, a to-infinitive, or a gerund, focusing on verbs of perception and causation.
Verbs of Perception
Verbs like see, hear, feel, and watch can be followed by an object and either a gerund (-ing) or a bare infinitive. The choice depends on whether the action is complete or in progress.
- Use the gerund to describe an action in progress or a part of an action.
- Use the bare infinitive to describe a completed action from start to finish.
Causative and Permission Verbs
Certain verbs that cause or allow an action require specific patterns. Let and make always take the bare infinitive, while help can take either the bare or to-infinitive. Have can also function as a causative verb followed by an object and a bare infinitive to indicate giving an instruction.
Infinitive vs. Gerund with Perception Verbs
In the first example, the speaker saw the entire process of crossing. In the second, the speaker saw the subjects while they were in the middle of the act.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive | The whole event was witnessed. | I saw them cross the road. |
| Verb + Object + Gerund | The action was ongoing or incomplete. | I saw them crossing the road. |
Causative Structures
Subject + make/let + Object + Bare Infinitive
Note that make and let never take 'to' in the active voice.
Examples in Context
Common mistakes
They made him to sign the contract.
They made him sign the contract.
The verb 'make' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (without 'to').
I saw her to enter the building.
I saw her enter the building.
Perception verbs like 'see' use the bare infinitive or gerund, never the to-infinitive.
Practice
I heard the phone (ring) once and then it stopped.
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ring
Answer:ring
Why:The bare infinitive is used here because the action is treated as a single, completed event.
The teacher let the students (leave) early after the exam.
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leave
Answer:leave
Why:The verb 'let' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive.
I could feel my heart (beat) fast as I walked onto the stage.
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beating
Answer:beating
Why:The gerund is used to emphasize the continuous nature or the sensation of the action in progress.