backbone
n.-
1 the spine (n.) B2 Upper Intermediate Medicinethe row of bones that goes down the middle of your back.
the series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis, forming the main support of the body.
ExampleThe doctor checked the curve of his backbone to see if it was straight.
ExampleThe injury to his backbone was severe enough to require several months of intensive physical therapy and specialized bracing.
UsageOften used as a synonym for 'spine' in both medical and general contexts.
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2 main support (n.) B2 Upper Intermediatethe most important part of a system or organization that gives it strength.
the chief support or fundamental structural component of an organization, system, or infrastructure.
ExampleSmall businesses are the backbone of the local economy.
ExampleThe high-speed fiber-optic cables form the backbone of the national telecommunications network, carrying the vast majority of data traffic.
UsageFrequently used in the phrase 'the backbone of' followed by a noun phrase.
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3 courage (n.) C1 Advanced Informalthe strength of character to do what is right, even when it is difficult.
strength of character, resolve, or moral courage. Uncountable in this sense.
ExampleHe didn't have the backbone to tell his boss that he was quitting.
ExampleThe board of directors lacked the backbone to stand up to the CEO, even when the company's ethical standards were clearly being compromised.
Teacher's tipThis sense is often used in negative constructions to criticize someone for being weak or indecisive.
From Middle English bakbon, bakebon, bac-bon; equivalent to back + bone. Compare the semantically analogous English ridgebone.