English Reference

Word

illegal

Phoneticsil·le·gal, stress on the second syllable

US/ˌɪˈɫiɡəɫ/

UK/ɪlˈiːɡəl/

Definitions

01against the law

B1 · Intermediate Law

adj. not allowed by the law.

adj. contrary to, forbidden by, or not authorised by law, particularly criminal or civil statutes.

“It is illegal to drive a car without a valid license.”

“The company faced severe penalties after an investigation revealed they had been engaging in illegal dumping of toxic waste for years.”

Usage

Commonly used as an attributive adjective before a noun or as a predicative adjective after a linking verb.

02against the rules

B2 · Upper Intermediate Sports

adj. not allowed by the rules of a game or organization.

adj. forbidden by established rules or regulations within a specific non-legal context, such as sports or corporate policy.

“The referee called a foul because the player made an illegal move.”

“The athlete was disqualified for using an illegal substance that was strictly prohibited by the international sporting federation.”

Antonyms

03person without papers

C1 · Advanced Countable noun Informal · American English

n. a person who lives or works in a country without the correct legal documents.

n. an individual residing in a country without official legal authorization or valid immigration documents.

“The news report discussed the challenges faced by illegals living in the city.”

“The documentary explores the precarious lives of illegals who work in the agricultural sector without any social protections.”

Teaching tip

This noun use is considered offensive by many people; 'undocumented immigrant' is the preferred neutral term in professional and academic contexts.

04undercover spy

C2 · Proficiency Countable noun Technical · Formal

n. a spy who works in a foreign country without any official connection to their own government.

n. an intelligence officer operating under deep cover in a foreign country without diplomatic immunity or official ties to their home state.

“The agency spent years training the illegal to blend into the local community.”

“The exchange of captured illegals took place on a bridge at midnight, following months of quiet diplomatic negotiations between the two rival nations.”

Synonyms

sleeper agentdeep-cover agent

Collocations

Common phrases and expressions where native English speakers use the word “illegal” in context.

Verb

01. become illegal

“It became illegal to sell these products without a license last year.”

verb + adj

02. declare something illegal

“The supreme court declared the new tax illegal.”

verb + noun + adj

03. make something illegal

“The government is planning to make smoking in cars illegal.”

verb + noun + adj

Adjective

04. illegal to do

“In many countries, it is illegal to drive without wearing a seatbelt.”

adj + infinitive

05. strictly illegal

“It is strictly illegal to park your car in front of a fire hydrant.”

adv + adj

Noun

06. illegal act

“Downloading movies for free is considered an illegal act in this country.”

adj + noun

07. illegal drugs

“The police found a large quantity of illegal drugs in the warehouse.”

adj + noun

08. illegal parking

“The city is trying to reduce illegal parking by increasing the fines.”

adj + noun

Etymology

Borrowed from French illégal, from Medieval Latin illegalis, from Latin legalis, by surface analysis, il- + legal. In senses relating to immigration, via clipping of illegal alien or illegal immigrant.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Word family

ADJECTIVE

illegal(B1)

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.B1 PreliminaryIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.4.0–5.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 3.0–3.544–71TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.550–784
Frequency
Common
Level
B1 · IntermediateOxford
Updated

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