English Reference

Word

sigma

Phoneticssig·ma

US/ˈsɪɡmə/

UK/sˈɪɡmɐ/

Definitions

01Greek letter

C1

n. the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.

n. the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet (upper case Σ, lower case σ or ς).

“The professor wrote the Greek letter sigma on the board to start the lesson.”

“The student struggled to distinguish between the initial and terminal forms of the lowercase sigma when transcribing the ancient manuscript.”

Academic

02summation symbol

B2 · Math

n. a symbol used in math to show that you should add a group of numbers together.

n. the uppercase Greek letter Σ used as an operator to denote the summation of a sequence or set.

“You use the sigma symbol to find the total sum of all the scores.”

“The formula requires the use of capital sigma to represent the summation of all variables within the defined range.”

Technical

Synonyms

03standard deviation

C1 · Science

n. a symbol used in statistics to show how much numbers vary from the average.

n. the lowercase Greek letter σ used to represent one standard deviation from the mean in a probability distribution.

“In this chart, one sigma represents the typical spread of the data.”

“The quality control team aimed for a six-sigma process to ensure that defects remained statistically negligible.”

Technical

Synonyms

standard deviation

04independent person

B2

n. a popular slang term for a person who is successful and cool but prefers to be alone rather than follow a group.

n. a person, typically male, who is perceived as successful, independent, and self-reliant, existing outside traditional social hierarchies.

“He doesn't care about being popular; he's a total sigma.”

“The meme culture surrounding the 'sigma' archetype often parodies the idea of the hyper-focused, solitary achiever.”

Slang · Informal

Teaching tip

This sense is very common in modern internet culture and memes; it is often used with a light quip or a sense of irony.

Synonyms

lone wolfindependent

Antonyms

05cool or independent

B2

adj. describing someone who is very cool, successful, or independent.

adj. possessing the qualities of a 'sigma' individual; used to describe actions or people that show independence and high status.

“That was a very sigma move to finish the project all by yourself.”

“The comments section was filled with users calling the athlete's stoic reaction 'pure sigma'.”

Slang · Informal

Synonyms

Real-World Examples

“The findings have been rated 2.6 sigma, which is the system that marks the statistical significance of discoveries.”
BBC News · 2 Sept 2026
“Physicists describe this threshold as five sigma (5σ) significance, meaning the probability that the signal is invalid is less than one in a million.”
ScienceDaily · 2 Sept 2026

Domains

MathematicsStatistics

This entry

Level
C2 · Proficiency
Frequency
Frequent
Updated

Scan code

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English Reference