ill
- 01 B2 Upper Intermediate
adj.bad, harmful, or showing that you do not like someone.
adj.harmful, hostile, or unfavorable in nature; often used in fixed expressions regarding intentions or effects.
Simple“I hope you don't have any ill feelings toward me after our argument.”
In context“The sudden closure of the factory had an ill effect on the local economy, leading to a sharp rise in unemployment.”
- 02 C1 Advanced
adj.very good, impressive, or cool.
adj.highly impressive or excellent; a reversal of the literal meaning common in urban vernacular.
Simple“That new song has an ill beat.”
In context“The dancer performed an ill sequence of power moves that left the entire audience in shock.”
- 03 B2 Upper Intermediate
adv.badly or not enough.
adv.in a poor, inadequate, or unfavorable manner; frequently used as a prefix in compound adjectives.
Simple“The soldiers were ill-prepared for the cold winter weather.”
In context“The company was ill-equipped to handle such a massive influx of customer complaints during the holiday season.”
- 04 C1 Advanced
n.problems, troubles, or things that cause suffering.
n.problems, misfortunes, or social ailments; often used in the plural to describe broad issues.
Simple“The politician promised to fix the many ills of modern society.”
In context“The philosopher argued that greed was the root of all social ills, poisoning the relationships between different classes.”
Synonyms
Usage ill health
From Middle English ille, an adjective meaning "evil; wicked", from Old Norse íllr (adjective), ílla (adverb), and ílt (noun). The Norse forms descend from Proto-Germanic \ilhilaz, which in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European \h₁elḱ-, a root meaning wound or ulcer: Latin ulcus ("sore"), Ancient Greek ἕλκος hélkos ("wound, ulcer"), and Sanskrit अर्शस् árśas ("hemorrhoids") all share this origin.
The cognates have kept rougher company than English ill. Scots and Yola preserve ill in the same spelling; Danish has ilde ("bad"), Norwegian ille ("bad") in both standard forms, Swedish illa ("badly; poorly"), and Faroese and Icelandic share illur ("bad, ill, wicked"). The semantic range across Germanic suggests the word carried moral and physical senses from the start: a wound, a wrong, a thing that festers.
Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.