kind

A1 · Beginner Countable noun

n. a group of things or people that are similar; a type.

n. a class or group of individual objects, people, or concepts that share common characteristics.

日本語:種類※

“What kind of music do you usually listen to when you study?”

“The biologist identified a rare kind of orchid that only grows in this specific part of the rainforest.”

C1 · Advanced Uncountable noun Formal · Technical

n. paying for something with goods or services instead of using money.

n. refers to payment made in goods or services rather than in currency; often used in the phrase 'in kind'.

日本語:現物※

“The farmer paid his rent in kind by giving the owner a portion of the harvest.”

“The company offered a settlement in kind, providing advertising credits instead of a cash refund for the service disruption.”

B2 · Upper Intermediate Uncountable noun

n. doing the same thing to someone that they did to you.

n. a response to an action that is of the same nature or quality; typically used in the phrase 'to respond in kind'.

“When the other team started playing aggressively, our players responded in kind.”

“Diplomatic tensions escalated when the embassy was closed and the foreign ministry responded in kind by expelling three diplomats.”