constrained
- 01 B2 Upper Intermediate
limited or restricted by rules, space, or lack of money.
kept within close bounds or restricted by external circumstances such as budget, space, or regulations.
Simple“The research team was constrained by a very small budget this year.”
In context“The architect's design was severely constrained by the narrow plot of land and strict local building codes.”
UsageOften followed by the preposition 'by'.
SynonymsAntonyms - 02 C1 Advanced
not natural or free, often because you are forced to act a certain way.
appearing forced, stiff, or unnatural due to external pressure or internal discomfort.
Simple“He gave a constrained smile when his rival won the award.”
In context“The atmosphere during the negotiations remained constrained, with both parties choosing their words with extreme caution.”
UsageFrequently describes facial expressions, gestures, or social atmospheres.
Antonyms
“In this crowded environment, each chain is constrained by the others around it.”
“Only 29% of the HOAs limited outdoor-light wattage, 19% required residents to maintain trees, 6% constrained use of fertilizers and 3% required native plants.”