English Reference

Word

be

Irregular verb

Forms

Infinitive

be

Past

was / were

Past participle

been

Definitions

01linking a subject to a description

A1 · Beginner

v. to connect a person or thing to a description, name, or job.

v. the primary copula used to link a subject to a predicative adjective, noun phrase, or complement.

“The weather is very cold today, so you should wear a heavy coat.”

“The results of the clinical trial were inconclusive, necessitating a second round of testing under more controlled conditions.”

Usage

The verb is highly irregular (am, is, are, was, were, been, being) and must agree with the subject.

Pitfall

She is have a doctor.

She is a doctor.

Do not use 'have' when describing what someone is; use 'be' to link the person to their profession or identity.

02location or existence

A1 · Beginner

v. to exist or to be in a specific place.

v. to exist in a particular place or state; often used with 'there' as a dummy subject to introduce new information.

“There are three apples on the table in the kitchen.”

“There was a profound sense of relief among the staff once the merger was officially called off by the board.”

Usage

Often used in the 'there is/are' construction to state that something exists.

Synonyms

03auxiliary for continuous actions

A1 · Beginner

v. a helper verb used with another verb ending in '-ing' to show an action is happening now.

v. an auxiliary verb used to form the progressive (continuous) aspect, indicating an ongoing action or state.

“They are playing football in the park at the moment.”

“The research team is currently investigating the long-term effects of microplastics on marine ecosystems in the North Atlantic.”

Usage

Followed by the present participle (-ing form) of the main verb.

Pitfall

I working now.

I am working now.

The '-ing' form of a verb requires a form of 'be' to function as a main verb in a sentence.

04auxiliary for passive voice

B1 · Intermediate

v. a helper verb used to show that something is happening to the subject.

v. an auxiliary verb used with a past participle to form the passive voice, where the subject receives the action.

“The window was broken by a ball during the game.”

“The ancient manuscript was discovered by a team of archaeologists working in a remote cave system last summer.”

Usage

Followed by the past participle of the main verb.

05to take place

A2 · Elementary

v. to happen or occur at a specific time or place.

v. to occur or take place; used to describe the scheduling or location of events.

“The party will be at my house next Saturday evening.”

“The annual conference is to be in Geneva this year, following the success of last year's event in Singapore.”

Word family

VERB

be(A1)

Related words

Grammar

This entry

Exam level
CambridgeCambridgeCambridge English QualificationsThe exam suite from Cambridge University Press & Assessment, from A1 Movers up to C2 Proficiency. The benchmark names double as CEFR labels.A1 MoversIELTSIELTSInternational English Language Testing SystemThe 0–9 band test co-owned by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. Used for university entry, work, and migration.2.0–3.0TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBTTest of English as a Foreign Language, Internet-Based TestETS's academic English test, the standard route for US university admissions. Scored 0–120, with a 1–6 scale since 2026.1–6 scale: 1.0–1.50–23TOEICTOEICTest of English for International CommunicationETS's workplace English test, big in Japan and Korea. Listening & Reading scores 10–990 and tops out at C1.120–224
Frequency
Very common
Level
A1 · Beginner
Updated

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