English Reference
adjective · adverb · noun

proper

adj. · adv. · n.
US /ˈpɹɑpɝ/ UK /pɹˈɒpɐ/ prop·er

  1. 01 B1 Intermediate

    adj.correct, right, or suitable for a specific situation.

    adj.conforming to established standards of behavior or suitability; appropriate for the circumstances.

    Simple

    It is important to wear the proper clothes for a job interview.

    In context

    The committee insisted that all members follow the proper procedure to ensure the final decision remained legally binding.

  2. 02 B2 Upper Intermediate

    adj.real or actual, used to distinguish the main part of something from its surroundings.

    adj.denoting the central or essential part of something, strictly defined and excluding related areas; often used postpositionally.

    Simple

    We live in the suburbs, not in the city proper.

    In context

    While the suburbs have expanded significantly, the city proper maintains a much higher population density and a distinct administrative structure.

  3. 03 B2 Upper Intermediate Formal

    adj.behaving in a way that is considered socially acceptable and polite.

    adj.adhering strictly to social convention or formal etiquette.

    Simple

    She was always very proper and never used bad language.

    In context

    The Victorian era was characterized by a strict code of conduct that required individuals to remain proper in even the most casual social interactions.

    politeformaldecorous
    rudeunrefined
  4. 04 B1 Intermediate Technical Grammar

    adj.used to describe a name of a specific person, place, or thing that starts with a capital letter.

    adj.designating a specific entity as a name, as opposed to a common class of things; typically capitalized.

    Simple

    London and Mary are proper nouns, so they start with a big letter.

    In context

    Students often struggle to distinguish between common nouns and proper nouns when learning the capitalization rules of English.

  5. 05 C1 Advanced British EnglishDialectInformal

    adv.very, completely, or in a way that is real.

    adv.functioning as an intensifier meaning 'thoroughly' or 'completely'.

    Simple

    I was proper annoyed when I missed the last bus home.

    In context

    By the time they reached the summit, the hikers were proper exhausted and ready to set up camp for the night.

    Usage

    In this sense, 'proper' functions as an adverb modifying an adjective.

  6. 06 C2 Proficiency TechnicalFormal Religion

    n.the parts of a church service that change depending on the date.

    n.the parts of the Mass or Liturgy that vary according to the specific day in the liturgical calendar.

    Simple

    The choir practiced the proper for the Easter Sunday service.

    In context

    The priest consulted the missal to ensure the correct proper was used for the feast day of the patron saint.


From Middle English propre, from Anglo-Norman proper, propre, Old French propre (French: propre), from Latin proprius.

Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This entry
Origin Latin proprius
Level B1 · Intermediate
Frequency Common
Updated