rigorous
- 01 B2 Upper Intermediate
very careful and detailed to make sure everything is correct.
characterised by scrupulous accuracy and attention to detail; adhering strictly to a set of standards or methods.
Simple“The scientists conducted a rigorous test to make sure the new medicine was safe.”
In context“The peer-review process for the journal is exceptionally rigorous, ensuring that only the most methodologically sound research reaches publication.”
UsageOften used to describe research, testing, analysis, or training.
- 02 B2 Upper Intermediate
strict and following the rules exactly, often in a way that is difficult.
strictly applied or enforced; demanding high levels of discipline or effort.
Simple“The army has a rigorous training program for new soldiers.”
In context“The academy maintains rigorous standards of conduct, and students who fail to comply are often asked to leave.”
- 03 C1 Advanced
very difficult or unpleasant to live through, like a cold winter.
harsh, severe, or extremely inclement, particularly in reference to weather or living conditions.
Simple“The explorers had to survive a rigorous winter in the mountains.”
In context“The expedition was ill-prepared for such a rigorous climate, lacking the specialised equipment necessary to endure sub-zero temperatures for months.”
Usage appreciation rigorous · merit rigorous · rigorous analysis
“He called for rigorous scientific research to show whether it would be both safe and effective.”
“I chose someone independent, rigorous and fearless, the best in Australia, because that is what this job demands.”
Inherited from Middle English rigorous, from Middle French and Anglo-Norman rigoreus, derived from Late Latin rigōrōsus (stiff, rigid; inflexible). By surface analysis, rigor + -ous.
Etymology adapted from Wiktionary, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.